Verse 13 is a citation of Grk. Mal 1:2b–3a.40 Paul does not explicitly orient his citation, and the obvious link between the twins in Gen 25 and the nations in Mal 1 often draws Romans interpreters to presume that Rom 9:13 is meant to either accentuate or prove (by citing historical outcome) whatever point it is that they reckon Paul makes in v. 12. But the superficial similarities are in this case misleading. All relevant rabbinic sources (i.e., those not concerned with the relative comparison of
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